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Q51. Which switching method is used when entries are present in the output of the command show ip cache?
A. fast switching
B. process switching
C. Cisco Express Forwarding switching
D. cut-through packet switching
Answer: A
Explanation:
Fast switching allows higher throughput by switching a packet using a cache created by the initial packet
sent to a particular destination. Destination addresses are stored in the high-speed cache to expedite forwarding. Routers offer better packet-transfer performance when fast switching is enabled. Fast switching is enabled by default on all interfaces that support fast switching.
To display the routing table cache used to fast switch IP traffic, use the "show ip cache" EXEC command.
Reference:
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_2/switch/command/reference/fswtch_r/xrfscmd5.ht
ml#wp1038133
Q52. CORRECT TEXT
You are a network engineer with ROUTE.com, a small IT company. They have recently merged two organizations and now need to merge their networks as shown in the topology exhibit. One network is using OSPF as its IGP and the other is using EIGRP as its IGP. R4 has been added to the existing OSPF network to provide the interconnect between the OSPF and EIGRP networks. Two links have been added that will provide redundancy.
The network requirements state that you must be able to ping and telnet from loopback 101 on R1 to the OPSF domain test address of 172.16.1.100. All traffic must use the shortest path that provides the greatest bandwidth. The redundant paths from the OSPF network to the EIGRP network must be available in case of a link failure. No static or default routing is allowed in either network.
A previous network engineer has started the merger implementation and has successfully assigned and verified all IP addressing and basic IGP routing. You have been tasked with completing the implementation and ensuring that the network requirements are met. You may not remove or change any of the configuration commands currently on any of the routers. You may add new commands or change default values.
Answer: First we need to find out 5 parameters (Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load, MTU) of the s0/0/0 interface (the interface of R2 connected to R4) for redistribution:
R2#show interface s0/0/0
Write down these 5 parameters, notice that we have to divide the Delay by 10 because the metric unit is in tens of microsecond. For example, we get Bandwidth=1544 Kbit, Delay=20000 us, Reliability=255, Load=1, MTU=1500 bytes then we would redistribute as follows:
R2#config terminal
R2(config)# router ospf 1
R2(config-router)# redistribute eigrp 100 metric-type 1 subnets
R2(config-router)#exit
R2(config-router)#router eigrp 100
R2(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1 metric 1544 2000 255 1 1500
Note: In fact, these parameters are just used for reference and we can use other parameters with
no problem.
If the delay is 20000us then we need to divide it by 10, that is 20000 / 10 = 2000)
For R3 we use the show interface fa0/0 to get 5 parameters too
R3#show interface fa0/0
For example we get Bandwidth=10000 Kbit, Delay=1000 us, Reliability=255, Load=1, MTU=1500 bytes
R3#config terminal
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 100 metric-type 1 subnets
R3(config)#exit
R3(config-router)#router eigrp 100
R3(config-router)#redistribute ospf 1 metric 10000 100 255 1 1500
Finally you should try to “show ip route” to see the 172.16.100.1 network (the network behind R4)
in the routing table of R1 and make a ping from R1 to this network.
Note: If the link between R2 and R3 is FastEthernet link, we must put the command below under
EIGRP process to make traffic from R1 to go through R3 (R1 -> R2 -> R3 -> R4), which is better
than R1 -> R2 -> R4.
R2(config-router)# distance eigrp 90 105
This command sets the Administrative Distance of all EIGRP internal routes to 90 and all EIGRP external routes to 105, which is smaller than the Administrative Distance of OSPF (110) -> the link between R2 & R3 will be preferred to the serial link between R2 & R4. Note: The actual OPSF and EIGRP process numbers may change in the actual exam so be sure to use the actual correct values, but the overall solution is the same.
Q53. After you review the output of the command show ipv6 interface brief, you see that several IPv6 addresses have the 16-bit hexadecimal value of "FFFE" inserted into the address. Based on this information, what do you conclude about these IPv6 addresses?
A. IEEE EUI-64 was implemented when assigning IPv6 addresses on the device.
B. The addresses were misconfigured and will not function as intended.
C. IPv6 addresses containing "FFFE" indicate that the address is reserved for multicast.
D. The IPv6 universal/local flag (bit 7) was flipped.
E. IPv6 unicast forwarding was enabled, but IPv6 Cisco Express Forwarding was disabled.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Extended Unique Identifier (EUI), as per RFC2373, allows a host to assign iteslf a unique 64-
Bit IP Version 6 interface identifier (EUI-64). This feature is a key benefit over IPv4 as it eliminates the
need of manual configuration or DHCP as in the world of IPv4. The IPv6 EUI-64 format address is obtained
through the 48-bit MAC address. The Mac address is first separated into two 24-bits, with one being OUI
(Organizationally Unique Identifier) and the other being NIC specific. The 16-bit 0xFFFE is then inserted
between these two 24-bits to for the 64-bit EUI address. IEEE has chosen FFFE as a reserved value which
can only appear in EUI-64 generated from the an EUI-48 MAC address. Here is an example showing how
a the Mac Address is used to generate EUI.
Next, the seventh bit from the left, or the universal/local (U/L) bit, needs to be inverted. This bit identifies whether this interface identifier is universally or locally administered. If 0, the address is locally
administered and if 1, the address is globally unique. It is worth noticing that in the OUI portion, the globally
unique addresses assigned by the IEEE has always been set to 0 whereas the locally created addresses
has 1 configured. Therefore, when the bit is inverted, it maintains its original scope (global unique address
is still global unique and vice versa). The reason for inverting can be found in RFC4291 section 2.5.1.
Once the above is done, we have a fully functional EUI-64 format address.
Reference: https://
supportforums.cisco.com/document/100566/understanding-ipv6-eui-64-bit- address
Q54. Refer to the following access list.
access-list 100 permit ip any any log
After applying the access list on a Cisco router, the network engineer notices that the router CPU utilization has risen to 99 percent. What is the reason for this?
A. A packet that matches access-list with the "log" keyword is Cisco Express Forwarding switched.
B. A packet that matches access-list with the "log" keyword is fast switched.
C. A packet that matches access-list with the "log" keyword is process switched.
D. A large amount of IP traffic is being permitted on the router.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Logging-enabled access control lists (ACLs) provide insight into traffic as it traverses the
network or is dropped by network devices. Unfortunately, ACL logging can be CPU intensive and can
negatively affect other functions of the network device. There are two primary factors that contribute to the
CPU load increase from ACL logging: process switching of packets that match log-enabled access control
entries (ACEs) and the generation and transmission of log messages. Reference: http://www.cisco.com/
web/about/security/intelligence/acl-logging.html#4
Q55. CORRECT TEXT
JS Industries has expanded their business with the addition of their first remote office. The remote office router (R3) was previously configured and all corporate subnets were reachable from R3. JS Industries is interested in using route summarization along with the EIGRP Stub Routing feature to increase network stability while reducing the memory usage and bandwidth utilization to R3. Another network professional was tasked with implementing this solution. However, in the process of configuring EIGRP stub routing connectivity with the remote network devices off of R3 has been lost.
Currently EIGRP is configured on all routers R2, R3, and R4 in the network. Your task is to identify and resolve the cause of connectivity failure with the remote office router R3. Once the issue has been resolved you should complete the task by configuring route summarization only to the remote office router R3.
You have corrected the fault when pings from R2 to the R3 LAN interface are successful, and the R3 IP routing table only contains 2 10.0.0.0 subnets.
Answer: Here are the solution as below:
Explanation:
First we have to figure out why R3 and R4 can not communicate with each other. Use the show running-config command on router R3.
Notice that R3 is configured as a stub receive-only router. The receive-only keyword will restrict the router from sharing any of its routes with any other router in that EIGRP autonomous system. This keyword will also prevent any type of route from being sent. Therefore we will remove this command and replace it with the eigrp stub command:
R3# configure terminal
R3(config)# router eigrp 123
R3(config-router)# no eigrp stub receive-only
R3(config-router)# eigrp stub
R3(config-router)# end
Now R3 will send updates containing its connected and summary routes to other routers. Notice that the eigrp stub command equals to the eigrp stub connected summary because the connected and summary options are enabled by default. Next we will configure router R3 so that it has only 2 subnets of 10.0.0.0 network. Use the show ip route command on R3 to view its routing table:
Because we want the routing table of R3 only have 2 subnets so we have to summary sub-networks at the interface which is connected with R3, the s0/0 interface of R4.
There is one interesting thing about the output of the show ip route shown above: the 10.2.3.0/24, which is a directly connected network of R3. We can’t get rid of it in the routing table no matter what technique we use to summary the networks. Therefore, to make the routing table of R3 has only 2 subnets we have to summary other subnets into one subnet.
In the output if we don’t see the summary line (like 10.0.0.0/8 is a summary…) then we should use the command ip summary-address eigrp 123 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0 so that all the ping can work well.
In conclusion, we will use the ip summary-address eigrp 123 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0 at the interface s0/0 of R4 to summary.
R4> enable
R4# conf t
R4(config)# interface s0/0
R4(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp 123 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0
Now we jump back to R3 and use the show ip route command to verify the effect, the output is shown below:
Note: Please notice that the IP addresses and the subnet masks in your real exam might be different so you might use different ones to solve this question. Just for your information, notice that if you use another network than 10.0.0.0/8 to summary, for example, if you use the command ip summary-address eigrp 123 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0 you will leave a /16 network in the output of the show ip route command.
But in your real exam, if you don’t see the line "10.0.0.0/8 is a summary, Null0" then you can summarize using the network 10.2.0.0/16. This summarization is better because all the pings can work well. Finally don’t forget to use the copy run start command on routers R3 and R4 to save the configurations. R3(config-if)# end R3# copy run start R4(config-if)# end R4# copy run start
If the “copy run start” command doesn’t work then use “write memory.”
Q56. An organization decides to implement NetFlow on its network to monitor the fluctuation of traffic that is disrupting core services. After reviewing the output of NetFlow, the network engineer is unable to see OUT traffic on the interfaces. What can you determine based on this information?
A. Cisco Express Forwarding has not been configured globally.
B. NetFlow output has been filtered by default.
C. Flow Export version 9 is in use.
D. The command ip flow-capture fragment-offset has been enabled.
Answer: A
Explanation:
We came across a recent issue where a user setup a router for NetFlow export but was unable to see the
OUT traffic for the interfaces in NetFlow Analyzer. Every NetFlow configuration aspect was checked and
nothing incorrect was found. That is when we noticed the `no ip cef' command on the router. CEF was
enabled at the global level and within seconds, NetFlow Analyzer started showing OUT traffic for the
interfaces. This is why this topic is about Cisco Express Forwarding.
What is switching?
A Router must make decisions about where to forward the packets passing through. This decision-making
process is called "switching". Switching is what a router does when it makes the following decisions:
1.Whether to forward or not forward the packets after checking that the destination for the packet is
reachable.
2.If the destination is reachable, what is the next hop of the router and which interface will the router use to
get to that destination.
What is CEF?
CEF is one of the available switching options for Cisco routers. Based on the routing table, CEF creates its
own table, called the Forwarding Information Base (FIB). The FIB is organized differently than the routing
table and CEF uses the FIB to decide which interface to send traffic from. CEF offers the following
benefits:
1.Better performance than fast-switching (the default) and takes less CPU to perform the same task.
2.When enabled, allows for advanced features like NBAR
3.Overall, CEF can switch traffic faster than route-caching using fast-switching
How to enable CEF?
CEF is disabled by default on all routers except the 7xxx series routers. Enabling and Disabling CEF is
easy. To enable CEF, go into global configuration mode and
enter the CEF command.
Router# config t
Router(config)# ip cef
Router(config)#
To disable CEF, simply use the `no' form of the command, ie. `no ip cef`.
Why CEF Needed when enabling NetFlow ?
CEF is a prerequisite to enable NetFlow on the router interfaces. CEF decides through which interface
traffic is exiting the router. Any NetFlow analyzer product will calculate the OUT traffic for an interface
based on the Destination Interface value present in the NetFlow packets exported from the router. If the
CEF is disabled on the router, the NetFlow packets exported from the router will have "Destination
interface" as "null" and this leads NetFlow Analyzer to show no OUT traffic for the interfaces. Without
enabling the CEF on the router, the NetFlow packets did not mark the destination interfaces and so
NetFlow Analyzer was not able to show the OUT traffic for the interfaces. Reference: https://
blogs.manageengine.com/network-2/netflowanalyzer/2010/05/19/need-for-cef- in-netflow-data-export.html
Q57. How does an IOS router process a packet that should be switched by Cisco Express Forwarding without an FIB entry?
A. by forwarding the packet
B. by dropping the packet
C. by creating a new FIB entry for the packet
D. by looking in the routing table for an alternate FIB entry
Answer: B
Explanation:
Q58. CORRECT TEXT
ROUTE.com is a small IT corporation that has an existing enterprise network that is running IPv6 0SPFv3. Currently OSPF is configured on all routers. However, R4's loopback address (FEC0:4:4) cannot be seen in R1's IPv6 routing table. You are tasked with identifying the cause of this fault and implementing the needed corrective actions that uses OPSF features and does not change the current area assignments. You will know that you have corrected the fault when R4's loopback address (FEC0:4:4) can be seen in RTs IPv6 routing table.
Special Note: To gain the maximum number of points you must remove all incorrect or unneeded configuration statements related to this issue.
Answer: Here is the solution below:
Explanation:
To troubleshoot the problem, first issue the show running-config on all of 4 routers. Pay more attention to the outputs of routers R2 and R3 The output of the "show running-config" command of R2:
The output of the "show running-config" command of R3:
We knew that all areas in an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) autonomous system must be physically connected to the backbone area (Area 0). In some cases, where this is not possible, we can use a virtual link to connect to the backbone through a non-backbone area. The area through which you configure the virtual link is known as a transit area. In this case, the area 11 will become the transit area. Therefore, routers R2 and R3 must be configured with the area <area id> virtual-link <neighbor router-id>command. + Configure virtual link on R2 (from the first output above, we learned that the OSPF process ID of R2 is 1):
R2>enable
R2#configure terminal
R2(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1
R2(config-rtr)#area 11 virtual-link 3.3.3.3
Save the configuration:
R2(config-rtr)#end
R2#copy running-config startup-config
(Notice that we have to use neighbor router-id 3.3.3.3, not R2's router-id 2.2.2.2) + Configure virtual link on R3 (from the second output above, we learned that the OSPF process ID of R3 is 1 and we have to disable the wrong configuration of "area 54 virtual-link 4.4.4.4"):
R3>enable
R3#configure terminal
R3(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1
R3(config-rtr)#no area 54 virtual-link 4.4.4.4
R3(config-rtr)#area 11 virtual-link 2.2.2.2
Save the configuration:
R3(config-rtr)#end
R3#copy running-config startup-config
You should check the configuration of R4, too. Make sure to remove the incorrect configuration statements to get the full points.
R4(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1
R4(config-router)#no area 54 virtual-link 3.3.3.3
R4(config-router)#end
After finishing the configuration doesn’t forget to ping between R1 and R4 to make sure they work.
Note. If you want to check the routing information, use the show ipv6 route command, not "show ip route".
Q59. A company's corporate policy has been updated to require that stateless, 1-to-1, and IPv6 to IPv6 translations at the Internet edge are performed. What is the best solution to ensure compliance with this new policy?
A. NAT64
B. NAT44
C. NATv6
D. NPTv4
E. NPTv6
Answer: E
Explanation:
NPTv6 provides a mechanism to translate the private internal organization prefixes to public globally
reachable addresses. The translation mechanism is stateless and provides a 1:1 relationship between the internal addresses and external addresses. The use cases for NPTv6 outlined in the RFC include peering with partner networks, multi homing, and redundancy and load sharing.
Reference:
http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/td/docs/solutions/SBA/August2012/Cisco_SBA_BN_IPv6AddressingGuide-Aug2012.pdf
Q60. CORRECT TEXT [SIMULATION]
Route.com is a small IT corporation that is attempting to implement the network shown in the exhibit. Currently the implementation is partially completed. OSPF has been configured on routers Chicago and NewYork. The SO/O interface on Chicago and the SO/1 interface on NewYork are in Area 0. The loopbackO interface on NewYork is in Area 1. However, they cannot ping from the serial interface of the Seattle router to the loopback interface of the NewYork router. You have been asked to complete the implementation to allow this ping.
ROUTE.com's corporate implementation guidelines require:
. The OSPF process ID for all routers must be 10.
. The routing protocol for each interface must be enabled under the routing process.
. The routing protocol must be enabled for each interface using the most specific wildcard mask possible.
.The serial link between Seattle and Chicago must be in OSPF area 21.
.OSPF area 21 must not receive any inter-area or external routes.
Network Information
Seattle
S0/0 192.168.16.5/30 - Link between Seattle and Chicago
Secret Password: cisco
Chicago
S0/0 192.168.54.9/30 - Link between Chicago and NewYork
S0/1 192.168.16.6/30 - Link between Seattle and Chicago Secre Password: cisco
NewYork
S0/1 192.168.54.10/30 - Link between Chicago and NewYork
Loopback0 172.16.189.189
Secret Password: cisco
Answer: Here is the solution below:
Explanation:
Note: In actual exam, the IP addressing, OSPF areas and process ID, and router hostnames may change, but the overall solution is the same.
Seattle’s S0/0 IP Address is 192.168.16.5/30. So, we need to find the network address and wildcard mask of 192.168.16.5/30 in order to configure the OSPF.
IP Address: 192.168.16.5 /30
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252
Here subtract 252 from 2565, 256-252 = 4, hence the subnets will increment by 4.
First, find the 4th octet of the Network Address:
The 4th octet of IP address (192.168.16.5) belongs to subnet 1 (4 to 7).
Network Address: 192.168.16.4
Broadcast Address: 192.168.16.7
Lets find the wildcard mask of /30.
Subnet Mask: (Network Bits – 1’s, Host Bits – 0’s)
Lets find the wildcard mask of /30:
Now we configure OSPF using process ID 10 (note the process ID may change to something else in real exam).
Seattle>enable
Password: cisco
Seattle#conf t
Seattle(config)#router ospf 10
Seattle(config-router)#network 192.168.16.4 0.0.0.3 area 21
One of the tasks states that area 21 should not receive any external or inter-area routes (except
the default route).
Seattle(config-router)#area 21 stub
Seattle(config-router)#end
Seattle#copy run start
Chicago Configuration:
Chicago>enable
Password: cisco
Chicago#conf t
Chicago(config)#router ospf 10
We need to add Chicago’s S0/1 interface to Area 21
Chicago(config-router)#network 192.168.16.4 0.0.0.3 area 21
Again, area 21 should not receive any external or inter-area routes (except the default route).
In order to accomplish this, we must stop LSA Type 5 if we don’t want to send external routes. And
if we don’t want to send inter-area routes, we have to stop LSA Type 3 and Type 4. Therefore we
want to configure area 21 as a totally stubby area.
Chicago(config-router)#area 21 stub no-summary
Chicago(config-router)#end
Chicago#copy run start
The other interface on the Chicago router is already configured correctly in this scenario, as well
as the New York router so there is nothing that needs to be done on that router.